The Origins of the Marshall Plan by John Gimbel
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Overview: The reasons for the Marshall Plan for European economic recovery appear to be almost endless. It was a humanitarian program to aid Europe’s postwar recovery and to extend a helping hand to those in need. It was a political program to preserve a civilization out of which the American way of life had developed. It was a program to promote peace, freedom, and prosperity. It was an economic program to promote Europe’s financial, fiscal, and political stability; to stimulate world trade; to expand American markets; to forestall an American depression; to maintain the open-door policy; to create a multilateral trade world which could be dominated by American capitalists; and to maintain a capitalist hegemony over the regions later to be called the Third World. The Marshall Plan has been referred to as a corollary to the Truman Doctrine: a program to stop communism, to frustrate socialists and leftists, to attract the Soviet Union’s satellites, and to contain or roll back the Russians. It was a program that promised future reductions in direct military expenditures, but it also provided Americans with opportunities to stockpile strategic materials and maintain friendly access to military bases abroad. It was a program to promote economic integration in Europe: to reduce nationalism, to further European federation, perhaps even to achieve European union.
The idea that the Marshall Plan originated as an American initiative in the cold war with Russia is apparently much clearer in the minds of historians in search of grand plans and historical systems than it was in the minds of those who fashioned the Plan. Historians in search of the cold war have, in fact, discovered a Marshall Plan that never existed. The thesis of this book is that the Marshall Plan originated as a crash program to dovetail German economic recovery with a general European recovery program in order to make German economic recovery politically acceptable in Europe and in the United States.
Genre: Non-Fiction > History
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