Ballots and Bullets: Black Power Politics and Urban Guerrilla Warfare in 1968 Cleveland by James Robenalt
Requirements: .ePUB reader, 4.0 MB
Overview: On July 23, 1968, police in Cleveland battled with black nationalists.The dramatic shootout in the Glenville neighborhood left ten dead and over fifteen wounded. The event sparked days of heavy rioting and raised myriad questions. Were these shootings an ambush by the nationalists? Or were the nationalists defending themselves from an imminent police assault? Mystery still surrounds how the urban warfare started and the role the FBI might have played in its origin.
Cleveland’s story intersected with with some of the most important African American figures of the time. Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X both came to Cleveland, shaping the debate over how to address systemic racism. Should it be with nonviolence or armed self-defense? Malcolm X first delivered his iconic “The Ballot or the Bullet” speech in Cleveland. Three years later, in 1967, Carl Stokes, with King’s help, became the first black mayor of a major US city. The ballot seemed to have triumphed over the bullet—and then Dr. King was assassinated. In the spring of 1968, while Mayor Stokes kept peace in Cleveland and Bobby Kennedy came to deliver his “Mindless Menace of Violence” speech, nationalists used an antipoverty program Stokes created in King’s honor to buy rifles and ammunition.
Genre: Non-Fiction > History
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